Intercultural Notes

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cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr> <td valign="top" colspan=2 height=100 BGCOLOR="#CCCCFF" TEXT="#080000" bgproperties="fixed" background="31800640egdysm.jpg"> <div> <FONT SIZE="6" COLOR="#000099" FACE="Arial" ><B>The Message </b></FONT><B>   |     </b><A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="The Message"><U><B>home</b></U></A></div> <bR> <div> </div> </td> </tr><tr> <td valign="top" width=150 BGCOLOR="#0000BF" TEXT="#F7F7FF"> <div> <A HREF="id53.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Communication Overview"><U><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700c8ffffff00.gif" HEIGHT="13" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Communication Overview</U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id38.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Self, Perception, Communication"><U><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700c8ffffff00.gif" HEIGHT="13" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Self, Perception, & Communication</U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id26.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Listening"><U><IMG BORDER="0" 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Statements Activity"><U><B>Cultural Sensitive Statements Activity</b></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id60.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Intercultural Discussion Questions"><U><B>Intercultural Discussion Questions</b></U></A></div> <bR> </td> <td valign="top" height=380 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <I>Intercultural Notes</I></div> <div> <IMG SRC="34fd3bd0.jpg" border=0 width="211" height="189" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> <I>"To know one's self is wisdom. </I></div> <div> <I>But to know one's neighbor is genius."</I></div> <bR> <div> <B><U>Culture</U></b></div> <div> Characteristics of:</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Accumulated pattern of values, beliefs, and behaviors</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Identifiable group of people with a common history</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Verbal and nonverbal symbol system</div> <bR> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <IMG SRC="123f94f0.gif" border=0 width="249" height="79" ALT="Metafile Companion Picture (32-bit)" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> <B><U>Microculture-</U></b></div> <div> Characteristics of: </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Physical and cultural traits</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Involuntary membership</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Endogamy</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Awareness of subordinate status</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Unequal treatment by dominant group</div> <bR> <div> Examples of Microcultures in America :African-Americans, Amish, Hispanics, etc. </div> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="131f40e0.gif" border=0 width="500" height="14" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <A HREF="http://www.msu.edu/~jdowell/miner.html" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.msu.edu/~jdowell/miner.html"><U>The Body Ritual of the Nacirema</U></A></div> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="131f40e0.gif" border=0 width="500" height="14" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B><U>Problems with</U></b></div> <div> <B><U> Intercultural Communication</U></b></div> <bR> <div> <B><U>Totalize</U></b>- Communication that emphasizes one aspect of a person above all others.  When someone totalizes, he or she acts as if a single facet of an individual is the totality of that person or as if that single aspect is all that's important about that person. </div> <bR> <div> <I>"I want to be known as a talented young filmmaker. That should be first.  But the reality today is that no matter how successful you are, you're black first."</I></div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <I>Black Filmmaker-Spike Lee</I></div> <bR> <div> <I>He is often introduced as author of African American History, In reality, his specialty is history of the south which includes both.  Many books have focused primarily on whites. </I></div> <div> <I>Black Historian-John Hope Franklin</I></div> <bR> <div> <I><B>More Examples of Totalizing</b></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">"We need a woman's perspective"</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Amputee</div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <I> "If anyone refers to me as an amputee, that is guaranteed to get me madder than hell!  I don't deny the leg amputation, I am me. I am a whole person." </I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Deaf Student</div> <div> <I> "When someone with a disability is described as disabled we highlight what that cannot do rather than what they can do."</I></div> <bR> <div> Other examples: Gay, blue collar, white collar, </div> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div>  <IMG SRC="14181770.gif" border=0 width="129" height="119" ALT="Metafile Companion Picture (32-bit)" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> <I>"Language shapes our perceptions by calling certain things to our attention.  When we use language that focuses our attention on race, class, sex, or any other single aspect of another person, we limit our perception of that person.  In other words, we tend to perceive others through the labels we use to describe them." (Wood 1998) </I></div> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <IMG SRC="294fbb50.gif" border=0 width="251" height="181" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> Sociologist Louis Wirth found that when we perceive people primarily in terms of their membership in a particular group we interact with them in terms of our stereotype regardless of their unique qualities. </div> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="09a260f0.gif" border=0 width="550" height="15" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> The difference between a prejudice and a conviction</div> <div>  is that you  can explain a conviction without getting mad.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="09a260f0.gif" border=0 width="550" height="15" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> <B>Why do we stereotype?</b></div> <div> The Nature of Prejudice by Gordon Allport says:   </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">It reduces our uncertainty by grouping people into broad characteristics.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">We rely on Implicit Personality Theory     (Schema)</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">One common prejudice is that imply fat people are lazy, happy, undisciplined       (Research does not support this prejudice to be grounded in fact)</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Another is that attractive individuals are more intelligent, extroverted & socially skilled.     </div> <bR> <div> From "It's Only Skin Deep: Stereotyping and Totalizing Others" But I Thought You Meant... by Julia T. Wood.  Mayfield Publishing 1998. </div> <div> <IMG SRC="09a260f0.gif" border=0 width="550" height="15" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <IMG SRC="359d3a70.jpg" border=0 width="211" height="167" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> <A HREF="http://jcu.edu/communications/LSEWARD/test" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://jcu.edu/communications/LSEWARD/te"><U><B>Warning Ethnocentrism</b></U></A></div> <div> For more on ethnocentrism and Arab culture try this web site</div> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="09a260f0.gif" border=0 width="550" height="15" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> <B><U>Blaming</U></b><B><U> the Victim</U></b></div> <div> When someone is a victim of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination, all too often they are seen as doing something wrong. Blaming the victim occurs when we attribute the cause of discrimination or misfortune to the personal characteristics and actions of the victim. </div> <bR> <div> <B>We generally attribute causes to</b></div> <div>      1.  Internal, personal factors (effort and ability)</div> <div>    2. External. Situational factors (such al luck of the behavior /  personality of other people)</div> <bR> <div> We have the tendency to claim our successes to our ability and efforts ("I studied for the test") while our failure are due to back luck, evil people, or lack of effort ("The test was too hard"). </div> <bR> <div> We claim success of group work ("It was my idea") and avoid responsibility for group failure. ("If others would have worked harder")</div> <bR> <div> From "Building Relationships with Diverse Others" from Reaching Out, 6th., ed. by David Johnson. 1997 by Allyn & Bacon. </div> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="09a260f0.gif" border=0 width="550" height="15" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> "We all have one thing  in common.      </div> <div>                              We're all different."         </div> <div>                                                   Ken Standley</div> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="09a260f0.gif" border=0 width="550" height="15" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <IMG SRC="109599b0.gif" border=0 width="89" height="155" ALT="Metafile Companion Picture (32-bit)" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> <B>Characteristics of Hall’s High and Low Context Cultures</b></div> <bR> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="519" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 26 ><NOBR><div> <B>High Context Culture     </b></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> <B>     Low Context Culture</b></div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 38 WIDTH="230"><div> China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Many Arab  & African Countries</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> Switzerland, German, US, France, UK</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 ><NOBR><div> Relies heavily on Nonverbal </div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> Relies more on Verbal than Nonverbal</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 38 WIDTH="230"><div> Many covert and implicit messages</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> Many covert and implicit messages</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="230"><div> Reserved reactions     </div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="270"><div> Reactions on surface</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 20 ><NOBR><div> Direct in-groups and out-group</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> Flexible in groups and out groups</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="230"><div> Open and Flexible time</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="270"><div> Highly organized time</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> <div> Examples:  In America the issue can be separated from the person speaking. In low-context cultures, if an issue is attacked so is the person</div> <bR> <div> In high context cultures silence is often a sign of respect, in low context cultures it is uncomfortable and the silent person may be viewed negatively. </div> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <IMG SRC="09a260f0.gif" border=0 width="550" height="15" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> <B>Characteristics of Hofstede’s </b></div> <div> <B>Individualism and Collectivism</b></div> <bR> <div> <B> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="519" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 26 WIDTH="241"><div> <B>Collectivism</b></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="259"><div> <B>Individualism</b></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="241"><div> Extended Family</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="259"><div> Nuclear Family</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="241"><div> Cooperation</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="259"><div> Competition</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 38 WIDTH="241"><div> Equal distribution of rewards (equality)</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> Individual rewards (equity)</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="241"><div> Group belongingness</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="259"><div> Individual privacy</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 ><NOBR><div> Conforming and interdependent</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="259"><div> Unique and independent</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="241"><div> Group Goals</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="259"><div>      Personal Goals</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="241"><div> Group Oriented</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="259"><div> Self-Oriented</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 ><NOBR><div> Group Unity and Harmony</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="259"><div> Individual autonomy</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></b></div> <bR> <div> <B>Follow this link for more on:</b></div> <div> <A HREF="id146.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Differences in Western Eastern Culture"><U><B>Differences in Western & Eastern Culture</b></U></A></div> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="09a260f0.gif" border=0 width="550" height="15" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <B>The International Advertising Market has experienced problems with language and cultural differences.</b></div> <div> <B><IMG SRC="2a166410.gif" border=0 width="102" height="65" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></b></div> <div> <B>Scandinavian vacuum manufacturer Electrolux used the following in an American ad campaign: "Nothing sucks like an Electrolux."  It was pulled after two days. </b></div> <bR> <div> <B>In Taiwan, the translation of the Pepsi slogan "Come alive with Pepsi" came out "Pepsi will bring your ancestors back from the dead."</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>Also in Chinese, the Kentucky Fried Chicken slogan, Finger Lickin' Good" translated as "Eat your fingers off."</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>When General Motors introduced the Chevy Nova in South America, it was unaware that "nova" means "it won't go."  After the company figured our why it wasn't selling many cars, it renamed the car "Caribe.</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>Ford had similar problems in Brazil when the Pinto flopped. The company found out that "pinto" was slang for "tiny male genitals."</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>Hunt-Wesson introduced the Big John products in Quebec as Gros Jos before learning that it means "big breasts" in French.</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>Japan's second largest tourist agency was mystified when it entered English speaking markets and began receiving requests for "unusual sex tours." Upon finding out why, the owners of Kinki Nippon Tourist Company changed their name.</b></div> <div> <B>From Ann Landers. Date unknown</b></div> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="09a260f0.gif" border=0 width="550" height="15" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> Interesting Links on Culture</div> <bR> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="591" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 153 ><NOBR><div> <A HREF="http://www.webofculture.com/refs/gestures.html" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.webofculture.com/refs/gesture"><U><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Gestures from around the World</U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="http://www.maria-brazil.org/gestures.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.maria-brazil.org/gestures.htm"><U><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Brazilian Body Language</U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="http://kizuna.ins.cwru.edu/asia110/projects/Edo/body.html" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://kizuna.ins.cwru.edu/asia110/proje"><U><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Japanese Etiquette:  Body Language</U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="http://www.delao-marko.com/AC/spanglish.html" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.delao-marko.com/AC/spanglish."><U><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Examples of Spanglish</U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="http://www.slanguage.com/" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.slanguage.com/"><U><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">American Slanguage</U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="http://www.expage.com/page/mygreatnsycebonics" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.expage.com/page/mygreatnsyceb"><U><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Ebonics Dictionary</U></A></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="250"><div> <A HREF="http://www.barghouti.com/folklore/proverbs/" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.barghouti.com/folklore/prover"><U><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Palestinian Proverbs</U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="http://www.fit.edu/CampusLife/clubs-org/sccr/" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.fit.edu/CampusLife/clubs-org/"><U><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Society for Cross-cultural Research</U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="http://www.realjapan.net/main.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.realjapan.net/main.htm"><U><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Real-Japan</U></A> </div> <div> <A HREF="http://www.multimedia.calpoly.edu/libarts/cslem/wizdemo/16-ChapterG.html" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.multimedia.calpoly.edu/libart"><U><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Understanding Prejudice</U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="http://www.eeoc.gov/facts/fs-sex.html" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.eeoc.gov/facts/fs-sex.html"><U><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Facts about Sexual Harassment from the EEOC</U></A></div> <bR> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="09a260f0.gif" border=0 width="550" height="15" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <B>Nonverbal Communication</b></div> <div> <B>Greeting Rituals</b></div> <div> <B><IMG SRC="27e64400.gif" border=0 width="100" height="64" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></b></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Korean and Asian cultures bow lower and longer and divert eye contact depending on status. </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">When doing business in Asian cultures - people or friends meet the bow is shorter and quicker</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Japanese typically exchange business card-one should grab the card with both hands, carefully exam in and put it carefully in a shirt pocket (Never in a pants pocket that would show disrespect.)</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Amish rarely greet outsiders, when they do they point to Heaven showing their religious convictions</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Americans shake hands- sometimes with a back pat</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Chinese shake hands and bow</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Middle eastern cultures kiss cheeks</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Arabs handshake is very loose- they think American's handshake is a show of aggression</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Sri Lanka greetings hands are together, palms at chin level and bow and say "Namaste" which means "I salute the Godlike qualities in you."</div> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <B><U><IMG SRC="35bf82c0.jpg" border=0 width="248" height="300" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></b></div> <div> <B><U>Gestures: Insulting Others and Obscenities </U></b></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Many cultures have as many as 6-7 gestures</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Netherlands and Norway and several other N. European countries don't have any insulting gestures. </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Many cultures also have obscene gestures indicating a homosexual or adulterer. </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">In US, China, Mexico, Thailand- limp wrist</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">In Columbia, the OK sign to the nose</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">In Uruguay, 4-5 claps of the hand indicates a lesbian</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Giving someone "the finger" (middle finger) is recognized in US, Mexico, and much of Europe.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Making a "V" with the palm facing out in Australia and England is the as "the finger".  The same gesture with the palm facing in is "V for victory."</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The La mano caliente (Hot hand) is equivalent to "the finger"</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"> Used in Central and South American countries. Anyone using it should be prepared for a fight. Could be arrested for it. </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">In Peru, "the Pistol" gesture is considered obscene and may provoke a fight. </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">In Iran, putting your hand in front of your face and then rubbing from eyes to chin is the same as "the finger" (while literature says this, an Iranian student says that this is not true--she said that giving the thumbs up was the same as the "finger".)</div> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="09a260f0.gif" border=0 width="550" height="15" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <B><U>Desire to Fight</U></b></div> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="1339fc30.gif" border=0 width="159" height="195" ALT="Metafile Companion Picture (32-bit)" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">US does not have a specific fight gesture (I disagree, can you think of any?)</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Mexico and Nepal-placing the hand with palm up, fingers extended upward while moving in and our touching the thumb is an invitation to fight.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">In Japan, putting index fingers on the temples of the head as in making horns is a sign that one is angry. </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">In China, pulling one's sleeve with the hand or the opposite arm indicated that one is ready to fight. </div> <div> <IMG SRC="09a260f0.gif" border=0 width="550" height="15" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> <B><U>Misc. Nonverbal</U></b></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Asian Cultures-- South Korea, Vietnam, and Japan--direct eye contact is prohibited between people of differing status.  A person of lower status avoids eye contact with their superior as a sign of respect. </div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Some Middle Eastern cultures, people stand very close together to smell one another's breath. To smell one another's breath is desirable.  In fact, to deny someone your breath communicates shame. </div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">In some Arab cultures, men hold hands as a sign of trust. Saudi businessmen often hold hands as a sign of trust. Saudi women, however, are not to be touched in public. Saudi Arabians typically enjoy getting very close, face to face, and engaging in direct eye contact. </div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">In many cultures the use of the left hand is forbidden.  Kenya, Indonesia, and Pakistan forbid using the left hand for eating or serving food. In Iran, the left hand is used for cleaning and bodily functions and should never be used to receive gifts or other objects. </div> <bR> <div> Taken from Intercultural Communication:  A Contextual Approach by James Neulier by Houghton Mifflin Company, 2000.</div> <div> <IMG SRC="09a260f0.gif" border=0 width="550" height="15" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> <B><U>Artifacts</U></b></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The Masai culture of Kenya use artifacts to differentiate sexes.  Women wear specific necklaces and earring to show marital status. Masai men wear ear rings and arm rings to designate social status. </div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">In Islamic cultures, Muslim women wear headscarves as a  guard against the eyes of men and a symbol of their allegiance to God.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Islamic law decrees that women dress conservatively and cover their hair in public.  They should avoid wearing make-up in the presence of Saudi men. </div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">In India, businessmen wear a dhoti, a single piece of white cloth that wraps around their lower body. Most women wear a sari and blouse.  The bendi is a sign of marital status, however, to today's culture it is becoming more of a fashion statement. Toe rings are a sign of marriage.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">In Japan, the kimono is the traditional clothing for both men and women. The design of the kimonos varies according to one's sex, age, marital status, time of year, and occasion. The length of sleeves indicate one's position in life.</div> <bR> <div> </div> </td> </tr></table></body>